MADJEEK AGENCY

Activités

Conception de sites web

• Vitrine / Portfolio :

Présentation / Textes / Galerie Photos / Formulaire de contact

• e-commerce / Boutique en ligne / marchand

Shopping / Commerce / catalogue produits / articles / paiements sécurisés / achat / commande / vente / comptes clients / panier

• mini site éphémère

Offres promotionnelles / bannière publicitaire / publicité / jeux concours / événement / évènementiel

Création de Template sur mesure - Thème - Intéractivité - Expérience utilisateur - Refonte - Transformation - Développement - Programmation informatique - Codage - Animation - Effets spéciaux - Intégration multimédia - Vidéo - audio - Responsive - Optimisation écrans - Ordinateurs - Mobiles - tablettes - TV - Compatibilité Navigateurs - Référencement SEO - SMO - Rédaction d'articles - Réseaux sociaux - Communautés - Internet - Publication - Partage - Conseil - Analyse - Audit - Mesure d'audience - Test - Gestion de contenu / Mise à jour - CMS - Nom de domaine - Hébergement

Campagne emailing - Stratégie marketing

Graphisme / Design :

Infographie 2D / 3D - Identité visuelle - logo - typographie - Illustration - Webdesign - Charte graphique

Photographie - Capture numérique - Prise de vue - Manipulation - Retouche - Trucage - FX - Montage / composition -Photos immobilières - Visite Virtuelle Interactive 360 degrés - Shooting Particuliers & Professionnels

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GLOSSARY: Photoshop is an image editing, processing, and computer-aided drawing software, launched in 1990 on MacOS and then in 1992 on Windows. Published by Adobe, it is primarily used for processing digital photographs and also serves for creating images, documents, infographics, vector drawings, etc. Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphic creation software. It is part of the Adobe suite, can be used independently or in conjunction with Photoshop, and offers powerful vector drawing tools. Vector images are made up of curves generated by mathematical formulas. One of Illustrator's main tools is "the pen," which allows for drawing perfectly-shaped curves by placing anchor points and tangents that modify the curvature. One of the advantages of vector images is that they are resolution-independent, meaning they do not lose quality when enlarged. Suitable for creating both printed documents and illustrations for the Internet (logos, posters, etc.), this software is aimed at the professional market and includes many features designed to enhance productivity. Visual Studio Code is an extensible code editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, Linux, and macOS. Features include debugging support, syntax highlighting, smart code completion, snippets, code refactoring, and integrated Git. Users can modify the theme, keyboard shortcuts, preferences, and install extensions that add additional features. The source code for Visual Studio Code comes from the open-source VSCode project published under the permissive MIT license, but the compiled binaries are free software for any use. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) includes all techniques aimed at improving the ranking of a page, site, or web application in the search engine results page (SERP). These techniques seek to enhance the understanding of the topic and content of one or all pages of a website by indexing bots. The goal is to improve the positioning of a web page in search results. A site's ranking is considered good when it is listed on the first page of search results and therefore among the top seven to ten natural responses to a search on keywords precisely corresponding to its theme. SEO aims to generate organic results, unlike SEA (Search Engine Advertising), which attempts to improve positioning through paid means such as sponsored links or paid advertisements. Social Media Optimization (SMO) is a set of methods to attract visitors to web content through promotion via social media. SMO encompasses actions aimed at encouraging the sharing of content by manual actions of internet users. It complements natural referencing (SEO) which focuses on improving automatic indexing by search engine bots. HTML5 (HyperText Markup Language 5) is the latest major revision of HTML (a data format designed to represent web pages). This version was finalized on October 28, 2014. HTML5 specifies two syntaxes of an abstract model defined in terms of DOM: HTML5 and XHTML5. The language also includes: an application layer with numerous APIs, an algorithm to process documents with non-compliant syntax. The work was taken over by the W3C in March 2007 after being initiated by WHATWG. Both organizations work in parallel on the same document to maintain a single version of the technology. The W3C closed feature additions on May 22, 2011, announcing the finalization of the specification in 2014 and encouraging web developers to use HTML 5 from that moment. At the end of 2016, version 5.1 was officially released with several new features aimed at facilitating the work of web application developers. Cascading Style Sheets, commonly known as CSS (from English Cascading Style Sheets), form a computer language that describes the presentation of HTML and XML documents. The standards defining CSS are published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Introduced in the mid-1990s, CSS became widely used in web design and was well supported by web browsers in the 2000s. CSS3 - Advancement of the CSS3 specification. Development of the third level of cascading style sheets began in 1999, alongside CSS 2.1. CSS3 became "modular" to facilitate updates, as well as its implementation by user agents with increasingly varied capabilities and needs (graphical browsers, mobile browsers, voice browsers). Browsers can thus implement subsets of CSS3. Hence, the degree of advancement of CSS3 varies according to the modules and the priority given to them by the CSS working group. In 2007, the most advanced modules (candidate recommendations) concerned: formatting ruby annotations, style negotiation between servers and user agents ("Media Queries"), web TV rendering, color management, and consideration of user interface configuration. Media queries is a CSS3 module that allows content of a web page to adapt to the characteristics of the user's device (for example, smartphone screen versus computer screen). Such adaptations became a W3C recommended standard in June 2012. It is the cornerstone of responsive websites. Web design is the creation and design of a website interface: interaction architecture, organization of pages, hierarchy, and navigation within a website. Designing a web design takes into account specific constraints of the internet medium, particularly in terms of ergonomics, usability, and accessibility. Web design requires skills in programming, ergonomics, and interactivity, as well as a good understanding of the technical constraints related to this field. These technical constraints include the diversity of web devices and their displays, accessibility, the specifics of different languages and processes, portability, and compliance with W3C recommendations. The web design of a site initially appears in the form of a functional mock-up with technical specifications: ergonomics, graphic charter, visual identity, marketing, interactivity. A website can consist of a simple static HTML page that is optionally formatted or enriched with CSS including images and links to other content, or consist of dynamic content where functionalities can be added to make it interactive with services programmed in Java, PHP, or other server-side languages, forms assuming processing in JavaScript, or Ajax. It can rely on database technologies, such as MySQL or MongoDB. Front-end web development refers to the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript productions of a webpage or an application that a user can see and interact with directly. The main challenge of front-end web development is to continually adapt to the latest developments, as the tools and development techniques are constantly evolving. The design of websites must also be able to offer good reading ergonomics by facilitating navigation and information retrieval. This goal is further complicated by the variety of formats and sizes of devices. Therefore, the developer must ensure that the website appears correctly across all available web browsers and devices. A web developer is a computer specialist who focuses on programming or is specifically involved in the development of applications for the World Wide Web or applications that run from a web server on a web browser and use the HTTP protocol as a means of transmitting information. Web developers can work in various types of organizations, including large corporations and governments, small to medium-sized enterprises, or as freelancers. Some web developers work for an organization as full-time employees, while others may work as independent consultants or subcontractors for a staffing agency, a web agency, or an IT services company. Web developers operate on both the server side and the front end. This typically involves implementing all visual elements that users can see and interact with in the web application, as well as all web services and APIs necessary to power the front end. A full-stack developer is a coder capable of programming a website or web application in both front-end and back-end development. They possess a variety of skills that allow them to work on each stage of a creation project, from development to production. Graphic design is a discipline that involves creating, choosing, and using graphic elements (drawings, typefaces, photos, colors, etc.) to develop a communication and/or cultural object. It is a way of representation. Each element is symbolic and meaningful in the project's design, according to axes defined possibly with other stakeholders in the communication field, with the aim of promoting, informing, or educating. Graphic design can be defined as the formal treatment of information and knowledge. The graphic designer acts as a mediator who influences the conditions of reception and appropriation of the information and knowledge they shape. Depending on their areas of intervention (illustration, posters, corporate communication, press, publishing, packaging, advertising, web design, signage, visual identity, etc.), they are part of the graphic chain linked to printing or other media. A website is a collection of web pages and resources linked by hyperlinks, defined and accessible by a web address. A site is developed using web programming languages and then hosted on a web server accessible via the global Internet, a local intranet, or any other network, such as the darknet/deep web. All public websites constitute the World Wide Web. The graphic charter, correctly named the graphic norms document, is a working document that contains all the fundamental rules for using the graphic signs that constitute the visual identity of an organization, project, or company. The purpose of the graphic charter is to maintain graphic coherence in the graphic productions of the same organization, project, or company, regardless of the various stakeholders involved in production (graphic designer, art director, etc.). The importance of creating a graphic charter is twofold: The visual identity remains intact regardless of the graphic productions, so that the organization, project, or company (which is a sum of individualities) speaks "with one voice." English speakers refer to this as corporate design. The graphic charter allows the recipient to easily identify the sender and, through habit if the coherence is respected, to visually locate themselves within the various graphic productions and even within the same graphic support (which facilitates reading). Note: A well-designed graphic charter must allow sufficient freedom by constituting "meta-rules" that are flexible, meaning it should avoid prohibitions and consider as many contexts as possible where rules should apply for the use of the graphic signs of the visual identity. Example content of an internet/intranet or multimedia graphic charter. The internet/intranet graphic charter is a paper document or mini-site that defines the position of the various elements that constitute the main pages of a site before their programming. The goal, similar to the previous one, is to validate the principles of navigation between the pages of the future website or intranet. It will also lead to shorter navigation times (as graphic elements are cached), contributing to a good perception of the company by the visitor. Furthermore, it presents fundamental rules that showcase the company's identity. A specification document (sometimes abbreviated as CDC) is a document that must be adhered to during the design of a project. It details the main terms of the sale and the obligations of the contractor, which is read to the assembled merchants before the award. The specification document takes on various forms depending on the type of activity (production or recurring service, one-off project, etc.), the main area of activity concerned, and the company's culture. Currently, in the construction sector, the internal specification document cannot be modified. However, the specification document serves to formalize the needs and explain them to the different actors to ensure that everyone agrees. It particularly helps frame the missions of the involved parties, including those of the project director (on the client's side) and/or the project manager (on the service provider's side). It is then used to select the provider or bidder (in the case of a call for tenders) and organize the relationship throughout the project. It is considered a shared reference by the provider and the internal team, and detailed in contractual documents. Externally, it is also a fundamental communication tool for the project director and/or project manager. Technical part of a specification document: The technical part of a specification document should limit itself to listing established technical constraints (often referred to as requirements). The requirements are organized into themes and then numbered. This organization, advocated by project management, facilitates compliance checks of responses to calls for tenders based on the specifications. In project control, especially during project reviews, compliance checks often take the form of a compliance matrix. The basic constraints are: economic (monetary constraints such as the operating budget), environmental (the recyclability of the product, etc.), industrial (for example, it must be manufactured in Canada), material (for example, it must specify which parts can be replaced, such as batteries; it must specify the use of certain application servers, the deployment platform). Project management encompasses all activities aimed at organizing the successful execution of a project and achieving its objectives. It consists of applying methods, techniques, and management tools specific to the various stages of the project, from evaluating the opportunity to the completion of the project. Design, styling, or stylistics is a creative activity often aimed at industrial or commercial purposes, which may orient towards social, political, scientific, and environmental contexts. The primary goal of design is to invent, improve, or facilitate the use or process of an element that interacts with a physical or virtual product or service. One of the roles of design is to meet needs, solve problems, propose new solutions, or explore possibilities to improve the quality of life of human beings, whether in industrialized Western societies (where design originated) or in developing countries (humanitarian design). Multidisciplinarity is at the heart of a designer's work, whose culture is nourished by the arts, techniques, human sciences, and natural sciences. Design is to be distinguished from decorative arts, an expression that emerged in the 1870s as a counterpart to fine arts in the creation of art objects. Design is linked to technical innovation, mass production, and contemporary aesthetics, while decorative arts pertain to artisanal art, meaning traditional techniques, often with ornamental and figurative aesthetics, and production on a unit or small series basis. However, the boundaries are not strict: a cast iron lamppost from the 19th century falls under the same process as design because, even though it features ornaments, it stems from an innovative technique for its time and is produced in quantity; likewise, some designers sign small series pieces, particularly for the art market, especially since the 1970s. Prompted by marketing since the 2000s, design has gradually become an advertising argument. "Design" has wrongly become an adjective qualifying a style with simple forms and a sleek appearance. It thus supersedes the traditional look of style models. In its artistic aspect, it relies on a work of forms that recalls that of artistic creation and can concern spatial forms (space design, interior architecture), volumetric forms (product design, industrial design), textiles (fashion design, styling), graphics (graphic design), or interactive forms (interactive design, interaction design, digital design). This work on forms explains the importance of aesthetic considerations in the field of design, but it should not overshadow the equally significant importance of functional, technical, environmental, biological, legal, economic, social, political, and even philosophical considerations, which are at the core of a designer's work, considered one of the major professions in design, alongside those of the architect or engineer. PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, better known by its acronym PHP (a self-referential acronym), is a free programming language primarily used to produce dynamic web pages via an HTTP server, but it can also function like any interpreted language locally. PHP is an object-oriented imperative language. PHP has enabled the creation of many famous websites. It is considered one of the foundations for creating so-called dynamic websites as well as web applications. PHP is most often used server-side: in this architecture, the server interprets the PHP code of the requested web pages and generates code (HTML, XHTML, CSS, for example) and data (JPEG, GIF, PNG, for example) that can be interpreted and rendered by a web browser. PHP can also generate other formats such as WML, SVG, and PDF. It was designed to create dynamic applications, most often developed for the web. PHP is most commonly paired with an Apache server, although it can be installed on most HTTP servers such as IIS or nginx. This pairing allows for retrieving information from a database, a file system (file content and structure), or simply data sent by the browser to be interpreted or stored for later use. It is a loosely typed and flexible language, making it easy for beginners to learn, but as a result, security flaws can quickly appear in applications. Pragmatic, PHP does not get bogged down with theory and tends to choose the most direct path. However, the names of functions (as well as argument passing) do not always follow a uniform logic, which can be detrimental to learning. Its use starts with form processing and then moves to database access. Access to databases is straightforward once the corresponding modules are installed on the server. The most obvious strength of this language is that over time it has allowed for the easy resolution of previously complicated problems and has consequently become an essential component of hosting offerings. JavaScript: This is a scripting programming language primarily used in interactive web pages and is an essential part of web applications. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is sometimes considered one of the core technologies of the World Wide Web. A vast majority of websites use it, and most web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to interpret it, independent of any security considerations that may arise. It is a prototype-based object-oriented language: the basics of the language and its main interfaces are provided by objects. However, unlike an object-oriented language, the base objects are not instances of classes. The language was created in ten days in May 1995 for Netscape Communications Corporation by Brendan Eich, who was inspired by many languages, notably Java, but simplified the syntax for beginners. Brendan Eich initially developed a server-side scripting language called LiveScript to enhance the commercial offering of Mosaic Communications Corporation's HTTP server. The release of LiveScript occurred at a time when NCSA forced Mosaic Communications Corporation to change its name to Netscape Communications Corporation. Netscape then worked on developing a client-side version of LiveScript. A few days before its release, Netscape renamed LiveScript to JavaScript. Sun Microsystems and Netscape were partners, and the increasingly popular Java virtual machine served both companies' interests. A content management system (CMS) is a program that allows the creation of a website, a blog, or an e-commerce site. It enables the following functionalities: it allows multiple individuals to work on the same document, it provides a publication chain (workflow) offering, for example, the ability to publish document content, it separates content management operations from form, it structures content (using FAQs, documents, blogs, discussion forums, etc.), it prioritizes users and assigns them roles and permissions (anonymous user, administrator, contributor, etc.), and some CMS include version management. When the CMS manages dynamic content, it is referred to as a dynamic content management system (DCMS). The CMS should not be confused with electronic document management systems (EDM), which allow for content management within an organization (notably the document lifecycle). WordPress and Wix are among the CMSs. List of the main content management systems: WordPress is a powerful open-source collaborative CMS in PHP and JS; BackBee is an open-source CMS in PHP and JavaScript; Concrete5 is a portal engine; CMS Made Simple is a CMS; Dotclear is a blog engine; DotNetNuke/DNN is a free CMS on the Microsoft .NET platform; Drupal is a portal engine; eXo Platform is an open-source CMS in Java; eZ Publish is an open-source CMS in PHP; Finwe is a blog engine; FluxBB is a forum engine; Joomla! is a portal engine; Magento is an online store engine; Magnolia is an open-source Java CMS; MediaWiki is a wiki engine; phpBB is a forum engine; PrestaShop is an online store engine; Rubedo is a French open-source multi-site CMS; SMF is a forum engine; SPIP is a template-based CMS; Textpattern is an open-source CMS in PHP; TYPO3 is an open-source CMS in PHP; Xoops is a portal engine; E-majine is a professional CMS in PHP; Saytup is a professional CMS in PHP; Izi-media is a professional CMS in PHP; OpenCart is an online store engine; Vosao is an open-source Web 2.0 CMS based on Google Cloud Platform; Fiona is a professional CMS; Wekio is a site engine. Less is a dynamic CSS generation language designed by Alexis Sellier. Initially inspired by Sass, it in turn influenced Sass with the appearance of the "SCSS" syntax, whereby Sass adopts elements of classic CSS syntax. The principle of Less is indeed not to break with CSS syntax: any CSS code is also valid and semantically equivalent Less code. Less adds notably the following mechanisms: variables, nesting, mixins, operators, and functions. Less is distributed as open source. Its first version was written in Ruby, while later versions are in JavaScript. Compared to other CSS preprocessors, it has the unique feature of being able to be converted on-the-fly, either by the server or by the browser. It can also be automatically translated into standard CSS upon writing. Sass (Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets) is a scripting preprocessor language that is compiled or interpreted into CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). SassScript is the scripting language itself. Sass consists of two syntaxes. The original syntax, called "indented syntax," uses indentation to separate code blocks and line breaks to separate rules. The new syntax, "SCSS," uses the same block separators as CSS. Files using the indented syntax and SCSS use the extensions .sass and .scss, respectively. The indented syntax is a metalanguage, while SCSS is a nested metalanguage, as valid CSS is also valid SCSS without any syntax modification. SassScript provides the following features: variables, nesting, mixins, and selector inheritance. Adobe Flash, or Flash, formerly Macromedia Flash, refers to a set of software technologies that allow for the manipulation of vector graphics, bitmap images, and ActionScript scripts to create or use multimedia content (animations, videos, games, applications, etc.). The Flash Player software was developed and distributed by Macromedia until 2005, following its acquisition by Adobe Systems, which supported the software until the end of its support on December 31, 2020. Flash Player was available as a plugin on most web browsers, allowing for the use of interactive objects or the streaming of video feeds, which was not natively permitted by browsers at the time. Flash can refer to an integrated development environment (IDE), a virtual machine used by Flash Player, or a Flash server for reading Flash files (SWF format). Following its launch in 1996, Flash technology became one of the most popular ways to add animations and interactive objects to a web page and also allowed for the integration of streaming video into a web page. The technology was included in many software applications and was also used to create animations, advertisements, or video games. Flash was long the dominant platform for multimedia content on the web, but after Apple's decision in 2010 to no longer include it on its tablets and phones, along with the development of new web technologies like HTML5 that surpassed Flash in functionality and security, the use of the technology dropped from nearly 50% of websites in 2011 to 10% by October 2016, before collapsing with the end of Flash Player development in 2020 and its support by browsers. Macromedia was an American software company based in San Francisco. The company resulted from the merger of Macromind-Paracomp and Authorware. Macromedia is best known for its Flash, FreeHand, and Dreamweaver software. In May 2005, the acquisition of the company by Adobe Systems was announced. Final Cut Pro (FCP) is a non-linear virtual editing software developed by Apple. Originally developed by Macromedia, Final Cut Pro was purchased by Apple in 1998, saving it from certain disappearance. After a complete redesign and marketing support, Apple turned it into a widely used editing software among video editors who work solely on Mac, as the software only functions on the macOS system. This software intended for the general public has nonetheless professional qualities and is used in the professional video world (television or cinema) due to its quality and the lower cost of editing equipment in general. Final Cut Pro introduced a simple novelty to the world of virtual editing at its inception: native DV editing by simply connecting a FireWire cable to the computer's FireWire port, allowing for the recovery of video in digital format for editing without any loss or transformation. As the software evolved, Final Cut Pro integrated the management of other interfaces, including video capture cards. Offered by third-party manufacturers, these cards allow capturing uncompressed analog or digital signals (SDI) and processing them with Final Cut Pro or any other QuickTime-compatible application. The first of these cards was the RTMac offered by Matrox. In the professional world, the capture cards used with FCP are provided by BlackMagic Design (Decklink, Multibridge…), AJA (Kona…), and Matrox (MXO2…). A graphic designer is a communication professional who creates visual communication solutions. They work on the meaning of messages using graphic forms applied to all types of media. The graphic designer acts as a mediator who influences the conditions of reception and appropriation of the information and knowledge they shape. Their knowledge is based on typography, the use of signs and images, and the art of layout. The graphic designer can express themselves in the printed domain (publishing, display), in interactivity (web, multimedia), in illustration or animation (motion design). The term "graphic designer" is sometimes preferred over "graphic artist." Graphic design includes other specialized professions: the digital graphic artist is a designer specialized in creating digital images (graphic design); the layout artist is a designer specialized in the layout, on computer (graphic tablet), of titles, texts, and illustrations. The graphic designer has three essential functions. Their first role is to "identify," to state what something is or to indicate its origin (inn sign, banner and shield, bricklayer's mark, publisher and printer symbols, corporate logo, packaging label). Their second function, which covers what specialists call "informative graphics," is to "inform" and "instruct," by indicating the relationship between several things in terms of direction, position, or scale (map, diagram, informational signs). Finally, their third role, very different from the other two, is to "present" and "promote" (posters, advertisements) with the goal of capturing attention and imposing a message. Today, graphic design is part of the culture and economy of industrialized countries. Under the influence of commercial pressures and cutting-edge techniques, new graphic forms are emerging, but graphic designers continue to draw from the past; the electronic revolution allows for the storage of images for reuse by manipulating and assembling them according to contemporary aesthetics. Graphic design constitutes a form of language whose grammar is undefined and whose vocabulary is constantly growing. Information graphic design, in the broadest sense, involves the selection, organization, and presentation of information intended for a particular audience. Information can be delivered on various types of documents: weather map, flight schedule indicator, statistical data tables… The amount of information contained in these documents is sometimes particularly significant, as in a road map, and the user extracts only what they need for a specific purpose. The information graphic designer, as a discipline, primarily aims to communicate information effectively. The information provided must remain accurate, and its presentation must not distort it—this is the designer's responsibility. Unlike advertising and marketing graphics, which often aim to encourage the user to take certain actions, information graphics focus on presenting all objective data necessary for decision-making. Designers specializing in information presentation have been described as "transformers" (whether dealing with raw data, a set of actions, or a process) into visual presentations that a given audience can easily understand. Graphic arts serve to signify measurements (surveying, currency...), faith (objects of worship, funeral rituals), the commands of power, and the transmission of knowledge (frescoes, emblems, writing...). It can be said that graphic design is always related to language, first because it often involves arranging images and text, and secondly because it must always convey something; to do this, it employs techniques that are those of rhetoric: connotation, metaphor, metonymy... by playing with juxtapositions of images (association of ideas), framing, atmospheres, the expressiveness of colors, and reading (decoding) conventions. Typography is at the heart of graphic design. The arrangement of characters and their design quickly became essential parameters for optimizing the time needed to produce a document, the available space, and readability. Arranging a page or formulating a discourse: a large part of a graphic designer's work consists of laying out (organizing) text. Hence the existence of numerous composition rules that take into account spelling, syntax, and readability (orthotypography). These rules govern accents, punctuation, word hyphenation, spaces between signs, words, and lines, and the separation of texts into paragraphs. Often derived from the technical constraints of printing, these rules have become cultural conventions that evolve and which graphic designers must consider. Every text has a structure: title, subtitle, notes, different statement statuses that are sometimes composed of different characters and varying sizes. "The character also has an image" that can express a particular tone through its shape and density, which is why there are many type families, including those referred to as "fancy," generally reserved for titles, posters, and signs. “The democratization of typography”: For nearly 500 years, the creation of typefaces was the domain of a small number of specialists, leading to a complex implementation (hand-drawing requiring a certain virtuosity, then precise manual engraving). As for typographic composition rules, they required a laborious learning process and extensive practice. It was only with the advent of DTP (desktop publishing) in the early 1980s that access to type creation and manipulation became—relatively—easier. Whether concerning printing techniques or the transformation of media, the transmission of information and the evolution of graphic design are closely linked to technical progress. Reproduction techniques: The generalization of reading and writing, and the spread of images progressed as we transitioned from manual reproduction (copies and illuminations) to mechanical reproduction techniques (engraving, stamping, typography, movable type, lithography, offset, and screen printing...). The characteristics of graphic design professions today are: the rapid evolution of communication technologies, the integration of multimedia (text, image, sound, movement, interactivity...), and the relentless pressure of images. The very limits of printing are pushed back with digital technology, which allows for greater flexibility in use: shorter deadlines, small print runs, print-on-demand, and reprinting, possibly modifying an already published document, at an accessible cost. In France: Until 2018, the BTS Graphic Design (formerly BTS Visual Communication) trained students for the graphic designer profession. Today, the BTS has been replaced by the DNMADe (National Diploma of Art and Design Professions) in Graphic Design. This three-year program is conducted in high schools (while depending on a university). It operates on a credit system and is equivalent to a Bachelor's degree (Bac+3). Therefore, it is possible after a DNMADe to continue studies towards a Master's degree at university without needing a preparatory year. In pre-Bac training, it is possible to pursue a professional Bac in Crafts and Arts with a specialization in Visual Communication (formerly Graphic Communication). Many art schools also offer the DNAP (national diploma in plastic arts) specializing in graphic design, as well as the DNSEP (higher national diploma in plastic studies) specializing in graphic design (or a Master's degree). These diplomas are prepared over three and five years, respectively. There are many schools, whether public or private, or distance learning institutions that provide certificates with similar preparation durations. Multimedia and learning: According to Joseph Rezeau: "A multimedia learning environment is characterized by the grouping on the same medium of at least two of the following elements: text, sound, still image, animated image, in digital form. These elements are accessible via a software program that allows a variable degree of interactivity between the user and the aforementioned elements. By interactivity, we mean the possibilities of navigation, hyper-navigation (via hyperlinks), information search (free or guided), and online help. If the product offers activities of the "exercise" type, the quality of feedback (both positive and negative) provided by the software—regardless of the form and channel used—will be a determining criteria for the product's quality. In the case of a product designed for institutional use, the ability to keep a record of the learner's activity for the teacher will be considered an additional asset. For a product intended for "online" use, the ability to communicate synchronously or asynchronously with peers or a teacher will be considered a desirable feature. The medium and the content must be differentiated with multimedia tools: computers, networks, CD-ROM or DVD-ROM players, and the content, which is the information delivered. Increasingly, a form of distance learning is developing, and the student can contact their teachers and access their teachings remotely via the Internet. This form of teaching is called "e-learning" (in French: distance learning). Multimedia and IT interoperability: The interoperability of multimedia systems in computing is achieved through graphic, audio, and video standards and technical specifications such as JPEG, MP3, MPEG-4, etc. Some multimedia applications: Computer animation: classic animated drawing in interaction with computer-generated images; Audiovisual; Computer-Aided Design (CAD); Web development; Immersive devices; Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI): distance education, tutorials; Graphic design: infographics, bitmap drawing, vector drawing; Video games: adventure games, strategy games, action games, etc.; Desktop Publishing (DTP): layout, photocomposition; Computer-Assisted Music (CAM): sound synthesis, sampler, MIDI; Computer-Assisted Editing (audio and/or video): video; VoIP; Videoconferencing: Zoom Video Communications, Microsoft Teams. Multimedia professions: Journalist, Graphic Designer, Web Designer, Art Director, Multimedia Designer, 2D, 3D, and 3D Animation, Motion Design, Video Editing, Infographics, Digital Art, Software Development, Database Administrator, Media Specialist, Media Librarian. The term digital is the adjective associated with the noun "finger" (examples: digital tracing, fingerprint, digital computer). It is also an anglicism ("digit" means "number" in English) used in France since the 1970s. Since the 2000s, the term "numerical" has been proposed as a substitute word. The transition from analog information to digital information is called digitization, while the transition from hardware technology to digital technology is generally called virtualization or dematerialization. Derivation of the term: The use of the term "digital" for "numerical" stems from an erroneous extension of "digital display," or seven-segment display from the 1980s to encompass any number display, then to all digitization. The success of seven-segment displays ("digits" in English, meaning "numbers") led the term "digital display" to become, through the same derivation as the brand name "fridge" for "refrigerator," synonymous with digital display, even when the evolution of technology has moved this display to dot matrix displays. Semantically, the term "digital," in both French and English, comes from the Latin digitus meaning "finger" and has no relation to number or digitization, but rather with counting on fingers or "on one's fingers." Thus, digital displays, which appeared in the 1980s, avoided counting in binary on fingers and gave rise to the expression "digital display." Therefore, a digital calculator could be likened to an abacus, an instrument still used in Asia in the 2010s, through which calculations are made with fingers, which also explains why "digital" (numbers + fingers) was used in place of the term "numerical" from the 1970s to the 1990s. The use of the term "digital" instead of numerical or digitization is a lexical borrowing, often derived from the effects of marketing.